local security groups to provide

Even though Chinese PSCs are not supposed to be armed on the continent, they often collaborate with local security groups to provide armed protection to assets, leading many Africans to still have a negative image of them. On the continent, there have been controversies with Chinese PSCs, such as incidents in Zimbabwe, Zambia, Kenya, and Uganda, where PSCs have been accused of conducting unauthorized military activities and possessing military-grade equipment on foreign soil (Asia Times, November 1, 2022; Military Africa, December 1, 2023). As noted by Paul Nantulya, an expert on Chinese PSCs in Africa, African nations have yet to heal from the wounds left by mercenary activities on the continent during the Cold War. Moreover, multiple human rights violations by both African and foreign PMCs, such as Executive Outcomes, Sandline International, and Wagner Group, in addition to the horrors of the civil wars in Algeria, Angola, Liberia, Libya, and Sierra Leone, where PMCs and mercenary formations took an active role สล็อต เว็บตรง